•pledge
（誓言，承諾 n./v.，保證n.）Thousands of people made pledges to the charity campaign.
（作出承諾／保證，抵押v.）We are asking people to pledge their support for our campaign.
•chronically（慢性地，長期地，持續地adv.）
He uses a standing desk at work to relieve his chronically aching back.
•skewed（傾斜的，失衡的，有偏差的，偏頗的adj.）
Her smile is slightly skewed.
•scarcely（幾乎不，幾乎沒有，勉強，剛剛adv.）
I was scarcely able to move my arm after the accident.
•erroneous（錯誤的，不正確的adj.）
The presentation of correct forms immediately following the child's erroneous forms allows the child to contrast them with his/her own errors.
•sow（播種，散布（如謠言、恐懼）v.）
Now that you've sown doubts in my mind, I'll never be sure I can trust him.
•dampen（使減弱，使洩氣；使潮濕v.）
物理意義上（使潮濕）：Rain had dampened the tent so we left it to dry in the afternoon sun.
抽象意義上（使洩氣）：I didn't want to dampen his spirits. 我不想給他潑冷水。
•epoch-making（劃時代的，開創新紀元的，開天闢地的adj.）Every scientist would like to accomplish such an epoch-making advance.
•trajectory（軌跡，彈道，（發展）路徑n.）
（雖然意義不同，但在寫作中可以用來代替「development」）
Previous events in a sequence influence outcomes and trajectories, but not necessarily by inducing further movement in the same direction.
•revamped（翻新，改造v./adj.；改進v.；翻新的，改造過的adj.）
We revamped the management system, but the business is doing no better than it was before.
片語
•Drawing a lesson from the bitter experience 痛定思痛
例句：It is hoped that the Government can learn from the bitter experience and make thorough-going improvements.
•Give/make pledge to 作出承諾
例句：All the candidates have given/made pledges not to raise taxes if they are elected.
•borne + responsibility 承擔責任
例句：The important responsibility borne by the members of the Council cannot be overstated.
